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Peter Bacon Hales (November 13, 1950 – August 26, 2014) was an American historian, photographer, author and musician specializing in American spaces and landscapes, the history of photography and contemporary art. ==Biography== Hales graduated from Haverford College in 1972, earning a BA in English and American Literature. After spending some time in New York working as a photographer and musician, he moved to Texas in the mid-1970s to begin his graduate education under the photographers Russell Lee and Garry Winogrand. Hales completed both his MA (in 1976) and PhD (1980) at the University of Texas, specializing in American Civilization under the tutelage of cultural historians William H. Goetzmann and William Stott. In 1980, he began his academic career as a professor in the Department of Art History at the University of Illinois at Chicago, where he eventually was named director of the American Studies Institute. Hales' 1984 text ''Silver Cities: The Photography of American Urbanization, 1839–1915'', charted the transformation of America through the mass-production and distribution of photographs; its Visual Culture focus on the rapidly urbanizing nation through exploration of U.S. photographers and photographs from antebellum America to World War I represented one of the first comprehensive studies of urban photography from a cultural-history standpoint.〔'Thomas Bender, "Pioneers of the Urban Image," ''New York Times Book Review,''October 21, 1984, p.1; Robert Levine, "Semiotics for the Historian: Photographers as Cultural Messengers," ''Reviews in American History'' vol. 13, #3 (Sept. 1985), pp. 380–385.'〕 Hales focus eventually turned from specifically urban America to the broader changes in the nation's physical and cultural geography. His analysis concentrated on the westward expansion of the United States, particularly with regard to its settlement and the resulting industrialization of a transcontinental American culture. Hales' second book, ''William Henry Jackson and the Transformation of the American Landscape'' used the life's work of Jackson photography as a means to trace the changes in American attitudes toward the land. Over the next decades, Hales' work expanded from the history of photography to wider studies of technology, modernization and land use. He published essays, monographs and catalog essays on topics ranging from the World's Columbian Exposition, methods of rephotographic surveying, the geography of art history survey text and the images of atomic-tests in ''Life'' during the Cold War.〔George H. Roeder, Jr. "Filling in the Picture: Visual Culture," ''Reviews in American History'', Vo. 26, #1 (March 1998), p. 284.〕 Hales study of the "forced cultural landscapes" of the Manhattan Project entitled, ''Atomic Spaces: Living on the Manhattan Project'' (1997), was named runner-up for the Parkman Prize in American History and winner of the Herbert Hoover Prize in 20th Century American History.〔Wolfgang Kurt Hermann Panofsky, "Atomic Spaces: Living on the Manhattan Project," ''Journal of Cold War Studies'' 3.1 (2001), pp. 130–132.〕 He collaborated with a number of photographers and coauthors, including the photographers Mark Klett and Bob Thall. Hales also served as a consultant and photographer for two large urban documentary projects centered in Chicago: the ''Changing Chicago Project'' of the later 1980s, for which he photographed social rituals of the upper class, and ''City2000'', for which he served as historian-consultant and contributed large-format images of domestic spaces. In 2006, Hales published an extensively revised and enlarged version of his first book, now renamed ''Silver Cities: Photographing American Urbanization, 1839–1939''; the revised version included more sophisticated studies of race, ethnicity and gender, and extended the work well into the 20th century, including studies of the urban photography of the Farm Security Administration. In the beginning of the 21st century, Hales' attention turned to the virtual world, both as subject and as means of gathering and presenting historical and cultural information. With his UIC colleague Robert Bruegmann, Hales developed a website collecting and organizing visual documentation of the Chicago built environment, the ''Chicago Architecture Imagebase ()''; in addition, he developed a collaborative public-history project on the postwar American suburb, Levittown, Long Island, () In April 2014, Hales' work, ''Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America From Hiroshima to Now''—a continuation of his ''Silver Cities'' project—was released. At the time of his death in the late summer of 2014 Hales had been working on projects exploring the cultural and virtual landscapes of America including extended meditations on freeways, contrails and airports, as well as the development of virtual environments such as MUDs (Multi-user domains), early interactive computer games such as Zork, and more contemporary incarnations of virtual environments like the Sims and Second Life.〔(UIC Art History Department, Faculty Profiles, Peter Hales ), Retrieved March 10, 2009.〕 Following his retirement from teaching in 2012, Hales was granted the status of professor emeritus at UIC.〔http://tigger.uic.edu/~pbhales/my%20uic%20webpage%28s%29/vita.html〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Peter Bacon Hales」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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